Introduction

Matrix is an ambitious new ecosystem for open federated Instant Messaging and VoIP. The basics you need to know to get up and running are:

• Everything in Matrix happens in a room. Rooms are distributed and do not exist on any single server. Rooms can be located using convenience aliases like #matrix:matrix.org or #test:localhost:8448.
• Matrix user IDs look like @matthew:matrix.org (although in the future you will normally refer to yourself and others using a 3PID: email address, phone number, etc rather than manipulating Matrix user IDs)

The overall architecture is:

client <----> homeserver <=====================> homeserver <----> client
       https://somewhere.org/_matrix      https://elsewhere.net/_matrix

#matrix:matrix.org is the official support room for Matrix, and can be accessed by any client from https://matrix.org/blog/try-matrix-now or via IRC bridge at irc://irc.freenode.net/matrix.

Synapse is currently in rapid development, but as of version 0.5 we believe it is sufficiently stable to be run as an internet-facing service for real usage!

About Matrix

Matrix specifies a set of pragmatic RESTful HTTP JSON APIs as an open standard, which handle:

• Creating and managing fully distributed chat rooms with no single points of control or failure
• Eventually-consistent cryptographically secure synchronisation of room state across a global open network of federated servers and services
• Sending and receiving extensible messages in a room with (optional) end-to-end encryption[1]
• Inviting, joining, leaving, kicking, banning room members
• Managing user accounts (registration, login, logout)
• Using 3rd Party IDs (3PIDs) such as email addresses, phone numbers, Facebook accounts to authenticate, identify and discover users on Matrix.
• Placing 1:1 VoIP and Video calls

These APIs are intended to be implemented on a wide range of servers, services and clients, letting developers build messaging and VoIP functionality on top of the entirely open Matrix ecosystem rather than using closed or proprietary solutions. The hope is for Matrix to act as the building blocks for a new generation of fully open and interoperable messaging and VoIP apps for the internet.

Synapse is a reference "homeserver" implementation of Matrix from the core development team at matrix.org, written in Python/Twisted for clarity and simplicity. It is intended to showcase the concept of Matrix and let folks see the spec in the context of a codebase and let you run your own homeserver and generally help bootstrap the ecosystem.

In Matrix, every user runs one or more Matrix clients, which connect through to a Matrix homeserver. The homeserver stores all their personal chat history and user account information - much as a mail client connects through to an IMAP/SMTP server. Just like email, you can either run your own Matrix homeserver and control and own your own communications and history or use one hosted by someone else (e.g. matrix.org) - there is no single point of control or mandatory service provider in Matrix, unlike WhatsApp, Facebook, Hangouts, etc.

Synapse ships with two basic demo Matrix clients: webclient (a basic group chat web client demo implemented in AngularJS) and cmdclient (a basic Python command line utility which lets you easily see what the JSON APIs are up to).

Meanwhile, iOS and Android SDKs and clients are available from:

• https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-ios-sdk
• https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-ios-kit
• https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-ios-console
• https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-android-sdk

We'd like to invite you to join #matrix:matrix.org (via https://matrix.org/blog/try-matrix-now), run a homeserver, take a look at the Matrix spec at https://matrix.org/docs/spec and API docs at https://matrix.org/docs/api, experiment with the APIs and the demo clients, and report any bugs via https://matrix.org/jira.

Thanks for using Matrix!

[1] End-to-end encryption is currently in development - see https://matrix.org/git/olm

Synapse Installation

Synapse is the reference python/twisted Matrix homeserver implementation.

System requirements: - POSIX-compliant system (tested on Linux & OS X) - Python 2.7 - At least 512 MB RAM.

Synapse is written in python but some of the libraries is uses are written in C. So before we can install synapse itself we need a working C compiler and the header files for python C extensions.

Installing prerequisites on Ubuntu or Debian:

sudo apt-get install build-essential python2.7-dev libffi-dev \
                     python-pip python-setuptools sqlite3 \
                     libssl-dev python-virtualenv libjpeg-dev libxslt1-dev

Installing prerequisites on ArchLinux:

sudo pacman -S base-devel python2 python-pip \
               python-setuptools python-virtualenv sqlite3

Installing prerequisites on CentOS 7:

sudo yum install libtiff-devel libjpeg-devel libzip-devel freetype-devel \
                 lcms2-devel libwebp-devel tcl-devel tk-devel \
                 python-virtualenv libffi-devel openssl-devel
sudo yum groupinstall "Development Tools"

Installing prerequisites on Mac OS X:

xcode-select --install
sudo easy_install pip
sudo pip install virtualenv

Installing prerequisites on Raspbian:

sudo apt-get install build-essential python2.7-dev libffi-dev \
                     python-pip python-setuptools sqlite3 \
                     libssl-dev python-virtualenv libjpeg-dev
sudo pip install --upgrade pip
sudo pip install --upgrade ndg-httpsclient
sudo pip install --upgrade virtualenv

To install the synapse homeserver run:

virtualenv -p python2.7 ~/.synapse
source ~/.synapse/bin/activate
pip install --upgrade setuptools
pip install https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/tarball/master

This installs synapse, along with the libraries it uses, into a virtual environment under ~/.synapse. Feel free to pick a different directory if you prefer.

In case of problems, please see the _Troubleshooting section below.

Alternatively, Silvio Fricke has contributed a Dockerfile to automate the above in Docker at https://registry.hub.docker.com/u/silviof/docker-matrix/.

Also, Martin Giess has created an auto-deployment process with vagrant/ansible, tested with VirtualBox/AWS/DigitalOcean - see https://github.com/EMnify/matrix-synapse-auto-deploy for details.

To set up your homeserver, run (in your virtualenv, as before):

cd ~/.synapse
python -m synapse.app.homeserver \
    --server-name machine.my.domain.name \
    --config-path homeserver.yaml \
    --generate-config \
    --report-stats=[yes|no]

...substituting your host and domain name as appropriate.

This will generate you a config file that you can then customise, but it will also generate a set of keys for you. These keys will allow your Home Server to identify itself to other Home Servers, so don't lose or delete them. It would be wise to back them up somewhere safe. If, for whatever reason, you do need to change your Home Server's keys, you may find that other Home Servers have the old key cached. If you update the signing key, you should change the name of the key in the <server name>.signing.key file (the second word) to something different.

By default, registration of new users is disabled. You can either enable registration in the config by specifying enable_registration: true (it is then recommended to also set up CAPTCHA - see docs/CAPTCHA_SETUP), or you can use the command line to register new users:

$ source ~/.synapse/bin/activate
$ synctl start # if not already running
$ register_new_matrix_user -c homeserver.yaml https://localhost:8448
New user localpart: erikj
Password:
Confirm password:
Success!

For reliable VoIP calls to be routed via this homeserver, you MUST configure a TURN server. See docs/turn-howto.rst for details.

Running Synapse

To actually run your new homeserver, pick a working directory for Synapse to run (e.g. ~/.synapse), and:

cd ~/.synapse
source ./bin/activate
synctl start

Using PostgreSQL

As of Synapse 0.9, PostgreSQL is supported as an alternative to the SQLite database that Synapse has traditionally used for convenience and simplicity.

The advantages of Postgres include:

• significant performance improvements due to the superior threading and caching model, smarter query optimiser
• allowing the DB to be run on separate hardware
• allowing basic active/backup high-availability with a "hot spare" synapse pointing at the same DB master, as well as enabling DB replication in synapse itself.

The only disadvantage is that the code is relatively new as of April 2015 and may have a few regressions relative to SQLite.

For information on how to install and use PostgreSQL, please see docs/postgres.rst.

Platform Specific Instructions

Debian

Matrix provides official Debian packages via apt from http://matrix.org/packages/debian/. Note that these packages do not include a client - choose one from https://matrix.org/blog/try-matrix-now/ (or build your own with one of our SDKs :)

Fedora

Oleg Girko provides Fedora RPMs at https://obs.infoserver.lv/project/monitor/matrix-synapse

ArchLinux

The quickest way to get up and running with ArchLinux is probably with Ivan Shapovalov's AUR package from https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/matrix-synapse/, which should pull in all the necessary dependencies.

Alternatively, to install using pip a few changes may be needed as ArchLinux defaults to python 3, but synapse currently assumes python 2.7 by default:

pip may be outdated (6.0.7-1 and needs to be upgraded to 6.0.8-1 ):

sudo pip2.7 install --upgrade pip

You also may need to explicitly specify python 2.7 again during the install request:

pip2.7 install https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/tarball/master

If you encounter an error with lib bcrypt causing an Wrong ELF Class: ELFCLASS32 (x64 Systems), you may need to reinstall py-bcrypt to correctly compile it under the right architecture. (This should not be needed if installing under virtualenv):

sudo pip2.7 uninstall py-bcrypt
sudo pip2.7 install py-bcrypt

During setup of Synapse you need to call python2.7 directly again:

cd ~/.synapse
python2.7 -m synapse.app.homeserver \
  --server-name machine.my.domain.name \
  --config-path homeserver.yaml \
  --generate-config

...substituting your host and domain name as appropriate.

FreeBSD

Synapse can be installed via FreeBSD Ports or Packages contributed by Brendan Molloy from:

• Ports: cd /usr/ports/net/py-matrix-synapse && make install clean
• Packages: pkg install py27-matrix-synapse

NixOS

Robin Lambertz has packaged Synapse for NixOS at: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/modules/services/misc/matrix-synapse.nix

Windows Install

Synapse can be installed on Cygwin. It requires the following Cygwin packages:

• gcc
• git
• libffi-devel
• openssl (and openssl-devel, python-openssl)
• python
• python-setuptools

The content repository requires additional packages and will be unable to process uploads without them:

• libjpeg8
• libjpeg8-devel
• zlib

If you choose to install Synapse without these packages, you will need to reinstall pillow for changes to be applied, e.g. pip uninstall pillow pip install pillow --user

Troubleshooting:

• You may need to upgrade setuptools to get this to work correctly: pip install setuptools --upgrade.
• You may encounter errors indicating that ffi.h is missing, even with libffi-devel installed. If you do, copy the .h files: cp /usr/lib/libffi-3.0.13/include/*.h /usr/include
• You may need to install libsodium from source in order to install PyNacl. If you do, you may need to create a symlink to libsodium.a so ld can find it: ln -s /usr/local/lib/libsodium.a /usr/lib/libsodium.a

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting Installation

Synapse requires pip 1.7 or later, so if your OS provides too old a version you may need to manually upgrade it:

sudo pip install --upgrade pip

Installing may fail with Could not find any downloads that satisfy the requirement pymacaroons-pynacl (from matrix-synapse==0.12.0). You can fix this by manually upgrading pip and virtualenv:

sudo pip install --upgrade virtualenv

You can next rerun virtualenv -p python2.7 synapse to update the virtual env.

Installing may fail during installing virtualenv with InsecurePlatformWarning: A true SSLContext object is not available. This prevents urllib3 from configuring SSL appropriately and may cause certain SSL connections to fail. For more information, see https://urllib3.readthedocs.org/en/latest/security.html#insecureplatformwarning. You can fix this by manually installing ndg-httpsclient:

pip install --upgrade ndg-httpsclient

Installing may fail with mock requires setuptools>=17.1. Aborting installation. You can fix this by upgrading setuptools:

pip install --upgrade setuptools

If pip crashes mid-installation for reason (e.g. lost terminal), pip may refuse to run until you remove the temporary installation directory it created. To reset the installation:

rm -rf /tmp/pip_install_matrix

pip seems to leak lots of memory during installation. For instance, a Linux host with 512MB of RAM may run out of memory whilst installing Twisted. If this happens, you will have to individually install the dependencies which are failing, e.g.:

pip install twisted

On OS X, if you encounter clang: error: unknown argument: '-mno-fused-madd' you will need to export CFLAGS=-Qunused-arguments.

Troubleshooting Running

If synapse fails with missing "sodium.h" crypto errors, you may need to manually upgrade PyNaCL, as synapse uses NaCl (http://nacl.cr.yp.to/) for encryption and digital signatures. Unfortunately PyNACL currently has a few issues (https://github.com/pyca/pynacl/issues/53) and (https://github.com/pyca/pynacl/issues/79) that mean it may not install correctly, causing all tests to fail with errors about missing "sodium.h". To fix try re-installing from PyPI or directly from (https://github.com/pyca/pynacl):

# Install from PyPI
pip install --user --upgrade --force pynacl

# Install from github
pip install --user https://github.com/pyca/pynacl/tarball/master

ArchLinux

If running $ synctl start fails with 'returned non-zero exit status 1', you will need to explicitly call Python2.7 - either running as:

python2.7 -m synapse.app.homeserver --daemonize -c homeserver.yaml

...or by editing synctl with the correct python executable.

Synapse Development

To check out a synapse for development, clone the git repo into a working directory of your choice:

git clone https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse.git
cd synapse

Synapse has a number of external dependencies, that are easiest to install using pip and a virtualenv:

virtualenv env
source env/bin/activate
python synapse/python_dependencies.py | xargs -n1 pip install
pip install setuptools_trial mock

This will run a process of downloading and installing all the needed dependencies into a virtual env.

Once this is done, you may wish to run Synapse's unit tests, to check that everything is installed as it should be:

python setup.py test

This should end with a 'PASSED' result:

Ran 143 tests in 0.601s

PASSED (successes=143)

Upgrading an existing Synapse

The instructions for upgrading synapse are in UPGRADE.rst. Please check these instructions as upgrading may require extra steps for some versions of synapse.

Setting up Federation

In order for other homeservers to send messages to your server, it will need to be publicly visible on the internet, and they will need to know its host name. You have two choices here, which will influence the form of your Matrix user IDs:

1. Use the machine's own hostname as available on public DNS in the form of its A records. This is easier to set up initially, perhaps for testing, but lacks the flexibility of SRV.
2. Set up a SRV record for your domain name. This requires you create a SRV record in DNS, but gives the flexibility to run the server on your own choice of TCP port, on a machine that might not be the same name as the domain name.

For the first form, simply pass the required hostname (of the machine) as the --server-name parameter:

python -m synapse.app.homeserver \
    --server-name machine.my.domain.name \
    --config-path homeserver.yaml \
    --generate-config
python -m synapse.app.homeserver --config-path homeserver.yaml

Alternatively, you can run synctl start to guide you through the process.

For the second form, first create your SRV record and publish it in DNS. This needs to be named _matrix._tcp.YOURDOMAIN, and point at at least one hostname and port where the server is running. (At the current time synapse does not support clustering multiple servers into a single logical homeserver). The DNS record would then look something like:

$ dig -t srv _matrix._tcp.machine.my.domain.name
_matrix._tcp    IN      SRV     10 0 8448 machine.my.domain.name.

At this point, you should then run the homeserver with the hostname of this SRV record, as that is the name other machines will expect it to have:

python -m synapse.app.homeserver \
    --server-name YOURDOMAIN \
    --config-path homeserver.yaml \
    --generate-config
python -m synapse.app.homeserver --config-path homeserver.yaml

If you've already generated the config file, you need to edit the "server_name" in you `homeserver.yaml` file. If you've already started Synapse and a database has been created, you will have to recreate the database.

You may additionally want to pass one or more "-v" options, in order to increase the verbosity of logging output; at least for initial testing.

Running a Demo Federation of Synapses

If you want to get up and running quickly with a trio of homeservers in a private federation (localhost:8080, localhost:8081 and localhost:8082) which you can then access through the webclient running at http://localhost:8080. Simply run:

demo/start.sh

This is mainly useful just for development purposes.

Running The Demo Web Client

The homeserver runs a web client by default at https://localhost:8448/.

If this is the first time you have used the client from that browser (it uses HTML5 local storage to remember its config), you will need to log in to your account. If you don't yet have an account, because you've just started the homeserver for the first time, then you'll need to register one.

Registering A New Account

Your new user name will be formed partly from the hostname your server is running as, and partly from a localpart you specify when you create the account. Your name will take the form of:

@localpart:my.domain.here
     (pronounced "at localpart on my dot domain dot here")

Specify your desired localpart in the topmost box of the "Register for an account" form, and click the "Register" button. Hostnames can contain ports if required due to lack of SRV records (e.g. @matthew:localhost:8448 on an internal synapse sandbox running on localhost).

If registration fails, you may need to enable it in the homeserver (see Synapse Installation above)

Logging In To An Existing Account

Just enter the @localpart:my.domain.here Matrix user ID and password into the form and click the Login button.

Identity Servers

The job of authenticating 3PIDs and tracking which 3PIDs are associated with a given Matrix user is very security-sensitive, as there is obvious risk of spam if it is too easy to sign up for Matrix accounts or harvest 3PID data. Meanwhile the job of publishing the end-to-end encryption public keys for Matrix users is also very security-sensitive for similar reasons.

Therefore the role of managing trusted identity in the Matrix ecosystem is farmed out to a cluster of known trusted ecosystem partners, who run 'Matrix Identity Servers' such as sydent, whose role is purely to authenticate and track 3PID logins and publish end-user public keys.

It's currently early days for identity servers as Matrix is not yet using 3PIDs as the primary means of identity and E2E encryption is not complete. As such, we are running a single identity server (https://matrix.org) at the current time.

URL Previews

Synapse 0.15.0 introduces an experimental new API for previewing URLs at /_matrix/media/r0/preview_url. This is disabled by default. To turn it on you must enable the url_preview_enabled: True config parameter and explicitly specify the IP ranges that Synapse is not allowed to spider for previewing in the url_preview_ip_range_blacklist configuration parameter. This is critical from a security perspective to stop arbitrary Matrix users spidering 'internal' URLs on your network. At the very least we recommend that your loopback and RFC1918 IP addresses are blacklisted.

This also requires the optional lxml and netaddr python dependencies to be installed.

Password reset

If a user has registered an email address to their account using an identity server, they can request a password-reset token via clients such as Vector.

A manual password reset can be done via direct database access as follows.

First calculate the hash of the new password:

$ source ~/.synapse/bin/activate $ ./scripts/hash_password Password: Confirm password: $2a$12$xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Then update the users table in the database:

UPDATE users SET password_hash='$2a$12$xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'

WHERE name='@test:test.com';

Where's the spec?!

The source of the matrix spec lives at https://github.com/matrix-org/matrix-doc. A recent HTML snapshot of this lives at http://matrix.org/docs/spec

Building Internal API Documentation

Before building internal API documentation install sphinx and sphinxcontrib-napoleon:

pip install sphinx
pip install sphinxcontrib-napoleon

Building internal API documentation:

python setup.py build_sphinx

Help!! Synapse eats all my RAM!

Synapse's architecture is quite RAM hungry currently - we deliberately cache a lot of recent room data and metadata in RAM in order to speed up common requests. We'll improve this in future, but for now the easiest way to either reduce the RAM usage (at the risk of slowing things down) is to set the almost-undocumented SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR environment variable. Roughly speaking, a SYNAPSE_CACHE_FACTOR of 1.0 will max out at around 3-4GB of resident memory - this is what we currently run the matrix.org on. The default setting is currently 0.1, which is probably around a ~700MB footprint. You can dial it down further to 0.02 if desired, which targets roughly ~512MB. Conversely you can dial it up if you need performance for lots of users and have a box with a lot of RAM.