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< h1 id = "log-contexts" > < a class = "header" href = "#log-contexts" > Log Contexts< / a > < / h1 >
< p > To help track the processing of individual requests, synapse uses a
'< code > log context< / code > ' to track which request it is handling at any given
moment. This is done via a thread-local variable; a < code > logging.Filter< / code > is
then used to fish the information back out of the thread-local variable
and add it to each log record.< / p >
< p > Logcontexts are also used for CPU and database accounting, so that we
can track which requests were responsible for high CPU use or database
activity.< / p >
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< p > The < code > synapse.logging.context< / code > module provides facilities for managing
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the current log context (as well as providing the < code > LoggingContextFilter< / code >
class).< / p >
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< p > Asynchronous functions make the whole thing complicated, so this document describes
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how it all works, and how to write code which follows the rules.< / p >
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< p > In this document, " awaitable" refers to any object which can be < code > await< / code > ed. In the context of
Synapse, that normally means either a coroutine or a Twisted
< a href = "https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/api/twisted.internet.defer.Deferred.html" > < code > Deferred< / code > < / a > .< / p >
< h2 id = "logcontexts-without-asynchronous-code" > < a class = "header" href = "#logcontexts-without-asynchronous-code" > Logcontexts without asynchronous code< / a > < / h2 >
< p > In the absence of any asynchronous voodoo, things are simple enough. As with
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any code of this nature, the rule is that our function should leave
things as it found them:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > from synapse.logging import context # omitted from future snippets
def handle_request(request_id):
request_context = context.LoggingContext()
calling_context = context.set_current_context(request_context)
try:
request_context.request = request_id
do_request_handling()
logger.debug(" finished" )
finally:
context.set_current_context(calling_context)
def do_request_handling():
logger.debug(" phew" ) # this will be logged against request_id
< / code > < / pre >
< p > LoggingContext implements the context management methods, so the above
can be written much more succinctly as:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > def handle_request(request_id):
with context.LoggingContext() as request_context:
request_context.request = request_id
do_request_handling()
logger.debug(" finished" )
def do_request_handling():
logger.debug(" phew" )
< / code > < / pre >
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< h2 id = "using-logcontexts-with-awaitables" > < a class = "header" href = "#using-logcontexts-with-awaitables" > Using logcontexts with awaitables< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Awaitables break the linear flow of code so that there is no longer a single entry point
where we should set the logcontext and a single exit point where we should remove it.< / p >
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< p > Consider the example above, where < code > do_request_handling< / code > needs to do some
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blocking operation, and returns an awaitable:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def handle_request(request_id):
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with context.LoggingContext() as request_context:
request_context.request = request_id
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await do_request_handling()
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logger.debug(" finished" )
< / code > < / pre >
< p > In the above flow:< / p >
< ul >
< li > The logcontext is set< / li >
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< li > < code > do_request_handling< / code > is called, and returns an awaitable< / li >
< li > < code > handle_request< / code > awaits the awaitable< / li >
< li > Execution of < code > handle_request< / code > is suspended< / li >
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< / ul >
< p > So we have stopped processing the request (and will probably go on to
start processing the next), without clearing the logcontext.< / p >
< p > To circumvent this problem, synapse code assumes that, wherever you have
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an awaitable, you will want to < code > await< / code > it. To that end, wherever
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functions return awaitables, we adopt the following conventions:< / p >
< p > < strong > Rules for functions returning awaitables:< / strong > < / p >
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< blockquote >
< ul >
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< li > If the awaitable is already complete, the function returns with the
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same logcontext it started with.< / li >
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< li > If the awaitable is incomplete, the function clears the logcontext
before returning; when the awaitable completes, it restores the
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logcontext before running any callbacks.< / li >
< / ul >
< / blockquote >
< p > That sounds complicated, but actually it means a lot of code (including
the example above) " just works" . There are two cases:< / p >
< ul >
< li >
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< p > If < code > do_request_handling< / code > returns a completed awaitable, then the
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logcontext will still be in place. In this case, execution will
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continue immediately after the < code > await< / code > ; the " finished" line will
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be logged against the right context, and the < code > with< / code > block restores
the original context before we return to the caller.< / p >
< / li >
< li >
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< p > If the returned awaitable is incomplete, < code > do_request_handling< / code > clears
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the logcontext before returning. The logcontext is therefore clear
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when < code > handle_request< / code > < code > await< / code > s the awaitable.< / p >
< p > Once < code > do_request_handling< / code > 's awaitable completes, it will reinstate
the logcontext, before running the second half of < code > handle_request< / code > ,
so again the " finished" line will be logged against the right context,
and the < code > with< / code > block restores the original context.< / p >
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< / li >
< / ul >
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< p > As an aside, it's worth noting that < code > handle_request< / code > follows our rules< / p >
< ul >
< li > though that only matters if the caller has its own logcontext which it
cares about.< / li >
< / ul >
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< p > The following sections describe pitfalls and helpful patterns when
implementing these rules.< / p >
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< h2 id = "always-await-your-awaitables" > < a class = "header" href = "#always-await-your-awaitables" > Always await your awaitables< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Whenever you get an awaitable back from a function, you should < code > await< / code > on
it as soon as possible. Do not pass go; do not do any logging; do not
call any other functions.< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def fun():
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logger.debug(" starting" )
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await do_some_stuff() # just like this
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coro = more_stuff()
result = await coro # also fine, of course
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return result
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Provided this pattern is followed all the way back up to the callchain
to where the logcontext was set, this will make things work out ok:
provided < code > do_some_stuff< / code > and < code > more_stuff< / code > follow the rules above, then
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so will < code > fun< / code > .< / p >
< p > It's all too easy to forget to < code > await< / code > : for instance if we forgot that
< code > do_some_stuff< / code > returned an awaitable, we might plough on regardless. This
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leads to a mess; it will probably work itself out eventually, but not
before a load of stuff has been logged against the wrong context.
(Normally, other things will break, more obviously, if you forget to
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< code > await< / code > , so this tends not to be a major problem in practice.)< / p >
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< p > Of course sometimes you need to do something a bit fancier with your
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awaitable - not all code follows the linear A-then-B-then-C pattern.
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Notes on implementing more complex patterns are in later sections.< / p >
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< h2 id = "where-you-create-a-new-awaitable-make-it-follow-the-rules" > < a class = "header" href = "#where-you-create-a-new-awaitable-make-it-follow-the-rules" > Where you create a new awaitable, make it follow the rules< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Most of the time, an awaitable comes from another synapse function.
Sometimes, though, we need to make up a new awaitable, or we get an awaitable
back from external code. We need to make it follow our rules.< / p >
< p > The easy way to do it is by using < code > context.make_deferred_yieldable< / code > . Suppose we want to implement
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< code > sleep< / code > , which returns a deferred which will run its callbacks after a
given number of seconds. That might look like:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > # not a logcontext-rules-compliant function
def get_sleep_deferred(seconds):
d = defer.Deferred()
reactor.callLater(seconds, d.callback, None)
return d
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > That doesn't follow the rules, but we can fix it by calling it through
< code > context.make_deferred_yieldable< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def sleep(seconds):
return await context.make_deferred_yieldable(get_sleep_deferred(seconds))
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< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "fire-and-forget" > < a class = "header" href = "#fire-and-forget" > Fire-and-forget< / a > < / h2 >
< p > Sometimes you want to fire off a chain of execution, but not wait for
its result. That might look a bit like this:< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def do_request_handling():
await foreground_operation()
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# *don't* do this
background_operation()
logger.debug(" Request handling complete" )
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async def background_operation():
await first_background_step()
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logger.debug(" Completed first step" )
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await second_background_step()
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logger.debug(" Completed second step" )
< / code > < / pre >
< p > The above code does a couple of steps in the background after
< code > do_request_handling< / code > has finished. The log lines are still logged
against the < code > request_context< / code > logcontext, which may or may not be
desirable. There are two big problems with the above, however. The first
problem is that, if < code > background_operation< / code > returns an incomplete
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awaitable, it will expect its caller to < code > await< / code > immediately, so will have
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cleared the logcontext. In this example, that means that 'Request
handling complete' will be logged without any context.< / p >
< p > The second problem, which is potentially even worse, is that when the
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awaitable returned by < code > background_operation< / code > completes, it will restore
the original logcontext. There is nothing waiting on that awaitable, so
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the logcontext will leak into the reactor and possibly get attached to
some arbitrary future operation.< / p >
< p > There are two potential solutions to this.< / p >
< p > One option is to surround the call to < code > background_operation< / code > with a
< code > PreserveLoggingContext< / code > call. That will reset the logcontext before
starting < code > background_operation< / code > (so the context restored when the
deferred completes will be the empty logcontext), and will restore the
current logcontext before continuing the foreground process:< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def do_request_handling():
await foreground_operation()
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# start background_operation off in the empty logcontext, to
# avoid leaking the current context into the reactor.
with PreserveLoggingContext():
background_operation()
# this will now be logged against the request context
logger.debug(" Request handling complete" )
< / code > < / pre >
< p > Obviously that option means that the operations done in
< code > background_operation< / code > would be not be logged against a logcontext
(though that might be fixed by setting a different logcontext via a
< code > with LoggingContext(...)< / code > in < code > background_operation< / code > ).< / p >
< p > The second option is to use < code > context.run_in_background< / code > , which wraps a
function so that it doesn't reset the logcontext even when it returns
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an incomplete awaitable, and adds a callback to the returned awaitable to
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reset the logcontext. In other words, it turns a function that follows
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the Synapse rules about logcontexts and awaitables into one which behaves
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more like an external function --- the opposite operation to that
described in the previous section. It can be used like this:< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def do_request_handling():
await foreground_operation()
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context.run_in_background(background_operation)
# this will now be logged against the request context
logger.debug(" Request handling complete" )
< / code > < / pre >
< h2 id = "passing-synapse-deferreds-into-third-party-functions" > < a class = "header" href = "#passing-synapse-deferreds-into-third-party-functions" > Passing synapse deferreds into third-party functions< / a > < / h2 >
< p > A typical example of this is where we want to collect together two or
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more awaitables via < code > defer.gatherResults< / code > :< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > a1 = operation1()
a2 = operation2()
a3 = defer.gatherResults([a1, a2])
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > This is really a variation of the fire-and-forget problem above, in that
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we are firing off < code > a1< / code > and < code > a2< / code > without awaiting on them. The difference
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is that we now have third-party code attached to their callbacks. Anyway
either technique given in the < a href = "#fire-and-forget" > Fire-and-forget< / a >
section will work.< / p >
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< p > Of course, the new awaitable returned by < code > gather< / code > needs to be
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wrapped in order to make it follow the logcontext rules before we can
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yield it, as described in < a href = "#where-you-create-a-new-awaitable-make-it-follow-the-rules" > Where you create a new awaitable, make it
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follow the
rules< / a > .< / p >
< p > So, option one: reset the logcontext before starting the operations to
be gathered:< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def do_request_handling():
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with PreserveLoggingContext():
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a1 = operation1()
a2 = operation2()
result = await defer.gatherResults([a1, a2])
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > In this case particularly, though, option two, of using
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< code > context.run_in_background< / code > almost certainly makes more sense, so that
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< code > operation1< / code > and < code > operation2< / code > are both logged against the original
logcontext. This looks like:< / p >
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< pre > < code class = "language-python" > async def do_request_handling():
a1 = context.run_in_background(operation1)
a2 = context.run_in_background(operation2)
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result = await make_deferred_yieldable(defer.gatherResults([a1, a2]))
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< / code > < / pre >
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< h2 id = "a-note-on-garbage-collection-of-awaitable-chains" > < a class = "header" href = "#a-note-on-garbage-collection-of-awaitable-chains" > A note on garbage-collection of awaitable chains< / a > < / h2 >
< p > It turns out that our logcontext rules do not play nicely with awaitable
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chains which get orphaned and garbage-collected.< / p >
< p > Imagine we have some code that looks like this:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > listener_queue = []
def on_something_interesting():
for d in listener_queue:
d.callback(" foo" )
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async def await_something_interesting():
new_awaitable = defer.Deferred()
listener_queue.append(new_awaitable)
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with PreserveLoggingContext():
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await new_awaitable
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< / code > < / pre >
< p > Obviously, the idea here is that we have a bunch of things which are
waiting for an event. (It's just an example of the problem here, but a
relatively common one.)< / p >
< p > Now let's imagine two further things happen. First of all, whatever was
waiting for the interesting thing goes away. (Perhaps the request times
out, or something < em > even more< / em > interesting happens.)< / p >
< p > Secondly, let's suppose that we decide that the interesting thing is
never going to happen, and we reset the listener queue:< / p >
< pre > < code class = "language-python" > def reset_listener_queue():
listener_queue.clear()
< / code > < / pre >
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< p > So, both ends of the awaitable chain have now dropped their references,
and the awaitable chain is now orphaned, and will be garbage-collected at
some point. Note that < code > await_something_interesting< / code > is a coroutine,
which Python implements as a generator function. When Python
garbage-collects generator functions, it gives them a chance to
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clean up by making the < code > await< / code > (or < code > yield< / code > ) raise a < code > GeneratorExit< / code >
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exception. In our case, that means that the < code > __exit__< / code > handler of
< code > PreserveLoggingContext< / code > will carefully restore the request context, but
there is now nothing waiting for its return, so the request context is
never cleared.< / p >
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< p > To reiterate, this problem only arises when < em > both< / em > ends of a awaitable
chain are dropped. Dropping the the reference to an awaitable you're
supposed to be awaiting is bad practice, so this doesn't
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actually happen too much. Unfortunately, when it does happen, it will
lead to leaked logcontexts which are incredibly hard to track down.< / p >
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