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732 lines
23 KiB
HTML
732 lines
23 KiB
HTML
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/*]]>*/
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<title>CSYNC User Guide</title>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div id="header">
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<h1>CSYNC User Guide</h1>
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<span id="author">Andreas Schneider</span><br />
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<span id="email"><tt><<a href="mailto:mail@cynapses.org">mail@cynapses.org</a>></tt></span><br />
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<div id="toc">
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<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
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<noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="preamble">
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>csync is a lightweight utility to synchronize files between two directories
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on a system, or between multiple systems.</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>It synchronizes bidirectional and allows to keep two copies of files and
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directories in sync. It uses uses widly adopted protocols, like smb or sftp so
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that there is no need for a server component of csync. It is a user-level
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program which means you don't need to be a superuser.</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>Together with a PAM modules the intention is to provide Roaming Home
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Directories for Linux.</p></div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<h2 id="_introduction">1. Introduction</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>It is often the case that we have multiple copies (called replicas) of a
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filesystem or part of a filesystem (for example on a notebook and on a desktop
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computer). Changes to each replica are often made independently and as a
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result they do not contain the same information. In that case a file
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synchronizer is used to make them consistent again, without losing any
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information.</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>The goal is to detect conflicting updates (files which has been
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modified) and propagate non-conflicting updates to each replica. If there
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are no conflicts left we are done and the replicas are identical.</p></div>
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</div>
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<h2 id="_basics">2. Basics</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>This section describes some basics you might need to understand how file
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synchronization works.</p></div>
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<h3 id="_paths">2.1. Paths</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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<div class="para"><p>A path normally refers to a point with a set of files which should be
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synchronized. It is specified relative to the root of the replica. The path is
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just a sequence of names separated by <em>/</em>.</p></div>
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<div class="admonitionblock">
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<table><tr>
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<td class="icon">
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<img src="./images/icons/note.png" alt="Note" />
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</td>
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<td class="content">The path separator is always a forward slash <em>/</em>, even for Windows.</td>
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</tr></table>
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</div>
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<div class="para"><p>csync always uses the absolute path. This could be <em>/home/gladiac</em> or
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for sftp <em>sftp://gladiac:secret@myserver/home/gladiac</em>.</p></div>
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<h3 id="_what_is_an_update">2.2. What is an update?</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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<div class="para"><p>The contents of a path could be a file, a directory or a symbolic link
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(symbolic links are not supported yet). To be more precise, if the path refers
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to:</p></div>
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<div class="ilist"><ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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a regular file, the the contents of the file are the byte stream and the
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metatdata of the file.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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a directory, then the content is the metadata of the directory.
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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a symbolic link, then the content is the named file the link points to.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ul></div>
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<div class="para"><p>csync keeps a record of each path which has been successfully synchronized. The
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path gets compared with the record and if it has changed since the last
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synchronization, we have an update. This is done by comparing the modification
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or change (modification time of the metadata) time.</p></div>
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<h3 id="_what_is_a_conflict">2.3. What is a conflict?</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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<div class="para"><p>A path is conflicting if it fulfills the following conditions:</p></div>
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<div class="olist"><ol>
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<li>
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<p>
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it has been updated in one replica,
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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it or any of its descendants has been updated on the other replica too, and
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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its contents in are not identical.
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</p>
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</li>
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</ol></div>
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</div>
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<h2 id="_file_synchronization">3. File Synchronization</h2>
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<div class="sectionbody">
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<div class="para"><p>The main goal of a file synchronizer is correctness. It changes whole or
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separated pieces of a users file system. So a user is not able to monitor the
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complete file synchronization process, and the synchronizer is in a position
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where it can damage the file system. It is important that the implementation
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behaves correctly under all conditions, even if there is an unexpected error
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(for example, disk full).</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>On problem concerning correctness is the handling of conflicts. Each file
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synchronizer tries to propagate conflicting changes to the other replica. At
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the end both replicas should be identical. There are different strategies to
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fulfill these goals.</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>csync is a 3-phase file synchronizer. The desicion for this design was that
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user interaction should be possible and it should be easy to understand the
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process. The 3 phases are update detection, reconciliation and propagation.
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These will be described in the following sections.</p></div>
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<h3 id="_update_detection">3.1. Update detection</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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<div class="para"><p>There are differnt strategies to do update detection. csync uses a state-based
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modtime-inode update detector. This means it uses a the modification time to
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detect updates. It doesn't require much resources. A record of each file is
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stored in a database (called statedb) and compared with the current
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modification time during update detection. If the file has changed since the
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last synchronization a instruction is set to evaluate it during the
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reconcilation phase. If we don't have a record for a file we invastigate, it is
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marked as new.</p></div>
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<div class="para"><p>There is a problem to detect renaming of files. This is sovled by the record we
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store in the statedb too. If we don't find the file by the name in the database
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we search for the inode number. If the inode number is found then the file has
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been renamed.</p></div>
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<h3 id="_reconciliation">3.2. Reconciliation</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
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<div class="para"><p>The most improtant component is the update detector, because the reconciler depends
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on it. The correctness of reconciler is mandatory because it can damage a
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filesystem. It decides which file:</p></div>
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<div class="ilist"><ul>
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<li>
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<p>
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Stays untouched
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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Has a conflict
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</p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>
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Gets synchronized
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</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
or is <strong>deleted</strong>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>A wrong decision of the reconciler leads in most cases to a loss of data. So there
|
|
are several conditions a the file synchronizer has to follow.</p></div>
|
|
<h4 id="_algorithms">3.2.1. Algorithms</h4>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>For conflict resolution several different algorithms could be implemented. The
|
|
most common algorithm are the merge and and the conflict algorithm. The first
|
|
is a batch algortihm and the second is one which needs user interaction.</p></div>
|
|
<h5 id="_merge_algorithm">Merge algorithm</h5>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The merge algorithm is an algorithm which doesn't need any user interaction. It
|
|
is simple and used for example by Microsoft for Roaming Proflies. If it detects
|
|
a conflict (the same file changed on both replicas) then it will use the most
|
|
recent file and overwrite the other. This means you can loose some data, but
|
|
normally you want the latest file.</p></div>
|
|
<h5 id="_conflict_algorithm">Conflict algorithm</h5>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This is not implemented yet.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If a file has a conflict the user has to decicde which file should be used.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_propagation">3.3. Propagation</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The next instance of the file synchronizer the propagator. It uses the
|
|
calculated records to apply them on the current replica.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The propagator uses a 2-phase-commit mechanism to simulate an atomic filesystem
|
|
operation.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>In the first phase we copy the file to a temporary file on the opposite
|
|
replica. This has the advantage that we can check if file which has been copied
|
|
to the opposite replica has been transfered successfully. If the connection
|
|
gets interruppted during the transfer we still have the orignal states of the
|
|
file. This means no data will be lost.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>In the second phase the the file on the opposite replica will be overwritten by
|
|
the temporary file.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>After a successfull propagation we have to merge the trees to reflect the
|
|
current state of the filesystem tree. This updated tree will be written as a
|
|
journal into a database. The database is called the state database. It will be
|
|
used during the update detection of the next synchronization. See above.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_robustness">3.4. Robustness</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This is a really important topic. The file synchronizer should not crash and if
|
|
it has crashed, there should be no loss of data. To achieve this goal there are
|
|
several mechanisms to prevent this. These mechnanisms will be discussed in the
|
|
following sections.</p></div>
|
|
<h4 id="_crash_resistance">3.4.1. Crash resistance</h4>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The synchronization process can be interrupted by different events, this can
|
|
be:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="ilist"><ul>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
the system could be halted due to errors.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
the disk could be full or the quota exceeded.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
the network or power cable could be pulled out.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
the user could force a stop of the synchronization process.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
<li>
|
|
<p>
|
|
different communication errors could occur.
|
|
</p>
|
|
</li>
|
|
</ul></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>That no data will be lost due to the occurance we enforce the following
|
|
invariant:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="admonitionblock">
|
|
<table><tr>
|
|
<td class="icon">
|
|
<img src="./images/icons/important.png" alt="Important" />
|
|
</td>
|
|
<td class="content">At every moment of the synchronization each file has either its
|
|
original content or its correct final content.</td>
|
|
</tr></table>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>This means, that the original content can not be incorrect, no data can't be
|
|
lost until we overwrite it after a successful synchronization.
|
|
So each interupted synchronization process is a partial sync and can be
|
|
continued and completed by simply running csync again. The only problem could
|
|
be an error of the filesystem. So we reach this invariant only approximatly.</p></div>
|
|
<h4 id="_transfer_errors">3.4.2. Transfer errors</h4>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>With the Two-Phase-Commit we check the file size after the file has
|
|
transferred. So we can detect transfer errors. Better would be a transfer
|
|
protocol with checksums. We may do this in the future.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Future filesystems, like btrfs, will help to compare checksums instead of the
|
|
filesize. This will make the synchronization safer. This doen't mean that it is
|
|
unsafe now, but checkums are better then just filesize checks.</p></div>
|
|
<h4 id="_database_loss">3.4.3. Database loss</h4>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>It could be possible, that the state database get corrupted. If this happens
|
|
all files get evaluated. In this case the file synchronizer wont delete any
|
|
file, but it could occur that deleted files will be restored from the other
|
|
replica.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To prevent a corruption or loss of the database if an error occurs or the user
|
|
forces an abort, the synchronizer is working on a copy of the database and will
|
|
use a Two-Phase-Commit to save it at the end.</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="_getting_started">4. Getting started</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<h3 id="_installing_csync">4.1. Installing csync</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>See the <tt>README</tt> and <tt>INSTALL</tt> files for install prerequisites and
|
|
procedures. Packagers take a look at <a href="#X90">Appendix B: Packager Notes</a>.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_using_the_commandline_client">4.2. Using the commandline client</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The synopsis of the commandline client is</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync [OPTION...] SOURCE DESTINATION</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>It synchronizes the content of SOURCE with DESTINATION and vice versa. The
|
|
DESTINATION can be a local directory or a remote file server.</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync /home/csync scheme://user:password@server:port/full/path</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<h4 id="_examples">4.2.1. Examples</h4>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>To synchronize two local directories:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync /home/csync/replica1 /home/csync/relplica2</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Two synchronizer a local directory with an smb server, use</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync /home/csync smb://rupert.galaxy.site/Users/csync</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If you use kerberos you don't have to specify a username or a password. If you
|
|
don't use kerberos, the commandline client will ask about the user and the
|
|
password.
|
|
If you don't want to be ask, you can specify it on the commandline:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync /home/csync smb://csync:secret@rupert.galaxy.site/Users/csync</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>If you use the sftp protocol and want to specify a port, you do it the
|
|
following way:</p></div>
|
|
<div class="literalblock">
|
|
<div class="content">
|
|
<pre><tt>csync /home/csync sftp://csync@krikkit.galaxy.site:2222/home/csync</tt></pre>
|
|
</div></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>The remote destination is supported by plugins. By default csync ships with smb
|
|
and sftp support. For more information, see the manpage of <tt>csync(1)</tt>.</p></div>
|
|
<h3 id="_the_pam_module">4.3. The PAM module</h3><div style="clear:left"></div>
|
|
<div class="para"><p>pam_csync is a PAM module to provide roaming home directories for a user
|
|
session. This module is aimed at environments with central file servers a user
|
|
wishes to store his home directory. The Authentication Module verifies the
|
|
identity of a user and triggers a synchronization with the server on the first
|
|
login and the last logout. More information can be found in the manpage of the
|
|
module pam_csync(8).</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<h2 id="X90">5. Appendix A: Packager Notes</h2>
|
|
<div class="sectionbody">
|
|
<div class="para"><p>Read the <tt>README</tt>, <tt>INSTALL</tt> and <tt>FAQ</tt> files (in the distribution root
|
|
directory).</p></div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<div id="footer">
|
|
<div id="footer-text">
|
|
Last updated 2008-12-23 10:15:54 CEST
|
|
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|
|
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|
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</body>
|
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