AdGuardHome/dnsforward/dnsforward.go

package dnsforward

import (
	"crypto/tls"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"runtime"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/dnsfilter"
	"github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/querylog"
	"github.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/stats"
	"github.com/AdguardTeam/dnsproxy/proxy"
	"github.com/AdguardTeam/dnsproxy/upstream"
	"github.com/AdguardTeam/golibs/log"
	"github.com/joomcode/errorx"
	"github.com/miekg/dns"
)

// DefaultTimeout is the default upstream timeout
const DefaultTimeout = 10 * time.Second

const (
	safeBrowsingBlockHost = "standard-block.dns.adguard.com"
	parentalBlockHost     = "family-block.dns.adguard.com"
)

var defaultDNS = []string{
	"https://dns.quad9.net/dns-query",
}
var defaultBootstrap = []string{"9.9.9.9", "149.112.112.112"}

// Server is the main way to start a DNS server.
//
// Example:
//  s := dnsforward.Server{}
//  err := s.Start(nil) // will start a DNS server listening on default port 53, in a goroutine
//  err := s.Reconfigure(ServerConfig{UDPListenAddr: &net.UDPAddr{Port: 53535}}) // will reconfigure running DNS server to listen on UDP port 53535
//  err := s.Stop() // will stop listening on port 53535 and cancel all goroutines
//  err := s.Start(nil) // will start listening again, on port 53535, in a goroutine
//
// The zero Server is empty and ready for use.
type Server struct {
	dnsProxy  *proxy.Proxy         // DNS proxy instance
	dnsFilter *dnsfilter.Dnsfilter // DNS filter instance
	queryLog  querylog.QueryLog    // Query log instance
	stats     stats.Stats
	access    *accessCtx

	webRegistered bool

	sync.RWMutex
	conf ServerConfig
}

// NewServer creates a new instance of the dnsforward.Server
// Note: this function must be called only once
func NewServer(dnsFilter *dnsfilter.Dnsfilter, stats stats.Stats, queryLog querylog.QueryLog) *Server {
	s := &Server{}
	s.dnsFilter = dnsFilter
	s.stats = stats
	s.queryLog = queryLog

	if runtime.GOARCH == "mips" || runtime.GOARCH == "mipsle" {
		// Use plain DNS on MIPS, encryption is too slow
		defaultDNS = defaultBootstrap
	}
	return s
}

// Close - close object
func (s *Server) Close() {
	s.Lock()
	s.dnsFilter = nil
	s.stats = nil
	s.queryLog = nil
	s.Unlock()
}

// WriteDiskConfig - write configuration
func (s *Server) WriteDiskConfig(c *FilteringConfig) {
	s.Lock()
	*c = s.conf.FilteringConfig
	s.Unlock()
}

// FilteringConfig represents the DNS filtering configuration of AdGuard Home
// The zero FilteringConfig is empty and ready for use.
type FilteringConfig struct {
	// Filtering callback function
	FilterHandler func(clientAddr string, settings *dnsfilter.RequestFilteringSettings) `yaml:"-"`

	// This callback function returns the list of upstream servers for a client specified by IP address
	GetUpstreamsByClient func(clientAddr string) []string `yaml:"-"`

	ProtectionEnabled bool `yaml:"protection_enabled"` // whether or not use any of dnsfilter features

	BlockingMode       string   `yaml:"blocking_mode"`        // mode how to answer filtered requests
	BlockedResponseTTL uint32   `yaml:"blocked_response_ttl"` // if 0, then default is used (3600)
	Ratelimit          int      `yaml:"ratelimit"`            // max number of requests per second from a given IP (0 to disable)
	RatelimitWhitelist []string `yaml:"ratelimit_whitelist"`  // a list of whitelisted client IP addresses
	RefuseAny          bool     `yaml:"refuse_any"`           // if true, refuse ANY requests
	BootstrapDNS       []string `yaml:"bootstrap_dns"`        // a list of bootstrap DNS for DoH and DoT (plain DNS only)
	AllServers         bool     `yaml:"all_servers"`          // if true, parallel queries to all configured upstream servers are enabled

	AllowedClients    []string `yaml:"allowed_clients"`    // IP addresses of whitelist clients
	DisallowedClients []string `yaml:"disallowed_clients"` // IP addresses of clients that should be blocked
	BlockedHosts      []string `yaml:"blocked_hosts"`      // hosts that should be blocked

	// IP (or domain name) which is used to respond to DNS requests blocked by parental control or safe-browsing
	ParentalBlockHost     string `yaml:"parental_block_host"`
	SafeBrowsingBlockHost string `yaml:"safebrowsing_block_host"`

	CacheSize   uint     `yaml:"cache_size"` // DNS cache size (in bytes)
	UpstreamDNS []string `yaml:"upstream_dns"`
}

// TLSConfig is the TLS configuration for HTTPS, DNS-over-HTTPS, and DNS-over-TLS
type TLSConfig struct {
	TLSListenAddr    *net.TCPAddr `yaml:"-" json:"-"`
	CertificateChain string       `yaml:"certificate_chain" json:"certificate_chain"` // PEM-encoded certificates chain
	PrivateKey       string       `yaml:"private_key" json:"private_key"`             // PEM-encoded private key

	CertificatePath string `yaml:"certificate_path" json:"certificate_path"` // certificate file name
	PrivateKeyPath  string `yaml:"private_key_path" json:"private_key_path"` // private key file name

	CertificateChainData []byte `yaml:"-" json:"-"`
	PrivateKeyData       []byte `yaml:"-" json:"-"`
}

// ServerConfig represents server configuration.
// The zero ServerConfig is empty and ready for use.
type ServerConfig struct {
	UDPListenAddr            *net.UDPAddr                   // UDP listen address
	TCPListenAddr            *net.TCPAddr                   // TCP listen address
	Upstreams                []upstream.Upstream            // Configured upstreams
	DomainsReservedUpstreams map[string][]upstream.Upstream // Map of domains and lists of configured upstreams
	OnDNSRequest             func(d *proxy.DNSContext)

	FilteringConfig
	TLSConfig

	// Called when the configuration is changed by HTTP request
	ConfigModified func()

	// Register an HTTP handler
	HTTPRegister func(string, string, func(http.ResponseWriter, *http.Request))
}

// if any of ServerConfig values are zero, then default values from below are used
var defaultValues = ServerConfig{
	UDPListenAddr:   &net.UDPAddr{Port: 53},
	TCPListenAddr:   &net.TCPAddr{Port: 53},
	FilteringConfig: FilteringConfig{BlockedResponseTTL: 3600},
}

// Start starts the DNS server
func (s *Server) Start(config *ServerConfig) error {
	s.Lock()
	defer s.Unlock()
	return s.startInternal(config)
}

// startInternal starts without locking
func (s *Server) startInternal(config *ServerConfig) error {
	err := s.prepare(config)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return s.dnsProxy.Start()
}

// Prepare the object
func (s *Server) prepare(config *ServerConfig) error {
	if s.dnsProxy != nil {
		return errors.New("DNS server is already started")
	}

	if config != nil {
		s.conf = *config
	}

	if len(s.conf.UpstreamDNS) == 0 {
		s.conf.UpstreamDNS = defaultDNS
	}
	if len(s.conf.BootstrapDNS) == 0 {
		s.conf.BootstrapDNS = defaultBootstrap
	}

	upstreamConfig, err := proxy.ParseUpstreamsConfig(s.conf.UpstreamDNS, s.conf.BootstrapDNS, DefaultTimeout)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("DNS: proxy.ParseUpstreamsConfig: %s", err)
	}
	s.conf.Upstreams = upstreamConfig.Upstreams
	s.conf.DomainsReservedUpstreams = upstreamConfig.DomainReservedUpstreams

	if len(s.conf.ParentalBlockHost) == 0 {
		s.conf.ParentalBlockHost = parentalBlockHost
	}
	if len(s.conf.SafeBrowsingBlockHost) == 0 {
		s.conf.SafeBrowsingBlockHost = safeBrowsingBlockHost
	}
	if s.conf.UDPListenAddr == nil {
		s.conf.UDPListenAddr = defaultValues.UDPListenAddr
	}
	if s.conf.TCPListenAddr == nil {
		s.conf.TCPListenAddr = defaultValues.TCPListenAddr
	}

	proxyConfig := proxy.Config{
		UDPListenAddr:            s.conf.UDPListenAddr,
		TCPListenAddr:            s.conf.TCPListenAddr,
		Ratelimit:                s.conf.Ratelimit,
		RatelimitWhitelist:       s.conf.RatelimitWhitelist,
		RefuseAny:                s.conf.RefuseAny,
		CacheEnabled:             true,
		CacheSizeBytes:           int(s.conf.CacheSize),
		Upstreams:                s.conf.Upstreams,
		DomainsReservedUpstreams: s.conf.DomainsReservedUpstreams,
		BeforeRequestHandler:     s.beforeRequestHandler,
		RequestHandler:           s.handleDNSRequest,
		AllServers:               s.conf.AllServers,
	}

	s.access = &accessCtx{}
	err = s.access.Init(s.conf.AllowedClients, s.conf.DisallowedClients, s.conf.BlockedHosts)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if s.conf.TLSListenAddr != nil && len(s.conf.CertificateChainData) != 0 && len(s.conf.PrivateKeyData) != 0 {
		proxyConfig.TLSListenAddr = s.conf.TLSListenAddr
		keypair, err := tls.X509KeyPair(s.conf.CertificateChainData, s.conf.PrivateKeyData)
		if err != nil {
			return errorx.Decorate(err, "Failed to parse TLS keypair")
		}
		proxyConfig.TLSConfig = &tls.Config{
			Certificates: []tls.Certificate{keypair},
			MinVersion:   tls.VersionTLS12,
		}
	}

	if len(proxyConfig.Upstreams) == 0 {
		log.Fatal("len(proxyConfig.Upstreams) == 0")
	}

	if !s.webRegistered && s.conf.HTTPRegister != nil {
		s.webRegistered = true
		s.registerHandlers()
	}

	// Initialize and start the DNS proxy
	s.dnsProxy = &proxy.Proxy{Config: proxyConfig}
	return nil
}

// Stop stops the DNS server
func (s *Server) Stop() error {
	s.Lock()
	defer s.Unlock()
	return s.stopInternal()
}

// stopInternal stops without locking
func (s *Server) stopInternal() error {
	if s.dnsProxy != nil {
		err := s.dnsProxy.Stop()
		s.dnsProxy = nil
		if err != nil {
			return errorx.Decorate(err, "could not stop the DNS server properly")
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// IsRunning returns true if the DNS server is running
func (s *Server) IsRunning() bool {
	s.RLock()
	isRunning := true
	if s.dnsProxy == nil {
		isRunning = false
	}
	s.RUnlock()
	return isRunning
}

// Restart - restart server
func (s *Server) Restart() error {
	s.Lock()
	defer s.Unlock()
	log.Print("Start reconfiguring the server")
	err := s.stopInternal()
	if err != nil {
		return errorx.Decorate(err, "could not reconfigure the server")
	}
	err = s.startInternal(nil)
	if err != nil {
		return errorx.Decorate(err, "could not reconfigure the server")
	}

	return nil
}

// Reconfigure applies the new configuration to the DNS server
func (s *Server) Reconfigure(config *ServerConfig) error {
	s.Lock()
	defer s.Unlock()

	log.Print("Start reconfiguring the server")
	err := s.stopInternal()
	if err != nil {
		return errorx.Decorate(err, "could not reconfigure the server")
	}

	// On some Windows versions the UDP port we've just closed in proxy.Stop() doesn't get actually closed right away.
	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
	}

	err = s.startInternal(config)
	if err != nil {
		return errorx.Decorate(err, "could not reconfigure the server")
	}

	return nil
}

// ServeHTTP is a HTTP handler method we use to provide DNS-over-HTTPS
func (s *Server) ServeHTTP(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	s.RLock()
	s.dnsProxy.ServeHTTP(w, r)
	s.RUnlock()
}

func (s *Server) beforeRequestHandler(p *proxy.Proxy, d *proxy.DNSContext) (bool, error) {
	ip, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(d.Addr.String())
	if s.access.IsBlockedIP(ip) {
		log.Tracef("Client IP %s is blocked by settings", ip)
		return false, nil
	}

	if len(d.Req.Question) == 1 {
		host := strings.TrimSuffix(d.Req.Question[0].Name, ".")
		if s.access.IsBlockedDomain(host) {
			log.Tracef("Domain %s is blocked by settings", host)
			return false, nil
		}
	}

	return true, nil
}

// handleDNSRequest filters the incoming DNS requests and writes them to the query log
// nolint (gocyclo)
func (s *Server) handleDNSRequest(p *proxy.Proxy, d *proxy.DNSContext) error {
	start := time.Now()

	if s.conf.OnDNSRequest != nil {
		s.conf.OnDNSRequest(d)
	}

	// disable Mozilla DoH
	if (d.Req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeA || d.Req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeAAAA) &&
		d.Req.Question[0].Name == "use-application-dns.net." {
		d.Res = s.genNXDomain(d.Req)
		return nil
	}

	// use dnsfilter before cache -- changed settings or filters would require cache invalidation otherwise
	s.RLock()
	// Synchronize access to s.dnsFilter so it won't be suddenly uninitialized while in use.
	// This could happen after proxy server has been stopped, but its workers are not yet exited.
	//
	// A better approach is for proxy.Stop() to wait until all its workers exit,
	//  but this would require the Upstream interface to have Close() function
	//  (to prevent from hanging while waiting for unresponsive DNS server to respond).
	res, err := s.filterDNSRequest(d)
	s.RUnlock()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var origResp *dns.Msg
	if d.Res == nil {
		answer := []dns.RR{}
		originalQuestion := d.Req.Question[0]

		if res.Reason == dnsfilter.ReasonRewrite && len(res.CanonName) != 0 {
			answer = append(answer, s.genCNAMEAnswer(d.Req, res.CanonName))
			// resolve canonical name, not the original host name
			d.Req.Question[0].Name = dns.Fqdn(res.CanonName)
		}

		if d.Addr != nil && s.conf.GetUpstreamsByClient != nil {
			clientIP, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(d.Addr.String())
			upstreams := s.conf.GetUpstreamsByClient(clientIP)
			for _, us := range upstreams {
				u, err := upstream.AddressToUpstream(us, upstream.Options{Timeout: 30 * time.Second})
				if err != nil {
					log.Error("upstream.AddressToUpstream: %s: %s", us, err)
					continue
				}
				d.Upstreams = append(d.Upstreams, u)
			}
		}

		// request was not filtered so let it be processed further
		err = p.Resolve(d)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		if res.Reason == dnsfilter.ReasonRewrite && len(res.CanonName) != 0 {
			d.Req.Question[0] = originalQuestion
			d.Res.Question[0] = originalQuestion

			if len(d.Res.Answer) != 0 {
				answer = append(answer, d.Res.Answer...) // host -> IP
				d.Res.Answer = answer
			}

		} else if res.Reason != dnsfilter.NotFilteredWhiteList {
			origResp2 := d.Res
			res, err = s.filterResponse(d)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if res != nil {
				origResp = origResp2 // matched by response
			} else {
				res = &dnsfilter.Result{}
			}
		}
	}

	if d.Res != nil {
		d.Res.Compress = true // some devices require DNS message compression
	}

	shouldLog := true
	msg := d.Req

	// don't log ANY request if refuseAny is enabled
	if len(msg.Question) >= 1 && msg.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeANY && s.conf.RefuseAny {
		shouldLog = false
	}

	elapsed := time.Since(start)
	s.RLock()
	// Synchronize access to s.queryLog and s.stats so they won't be suddenly uninitialized while in use.
	// This can happen after proxy server has been stopped, but its workers haven't yet exited.
	if shouldLog && s.queryLog != nil {
		p := querylog.AddParams{
			Question:   msg,
			Answer:     d.Res,
			OrigAnswer: origResp,
			Result:     res,
			Elapsed:    elapsed,
			ClientIP:   getIP(d.Addr),
		}
		if d.Upstream != nil {
			p.Upstream = d.Upstream.Address()
		}
		s.queryLog.Add(p)
	}

	s.updateStats(d, elapsed, *res)
	s.RUnlock()

	return nil
}

// Get IP address from net.Addr
func getIP(addr net.Addr) net.IP {
	switch addr := addr.(type) {
	case *net.UDPAddr:
		return addr.IP
	case *net.TCPAddr:
		return addr.IP
	}
	return nil
}

func (s *Server) updateStats(d *proxy.DNSContext, elapsed time.Duration, res dnsfilter.Result) {
	if s.stats == nil {
		return
	}

	e := stats.Entry{}
	e.Domain = strings.ToLower(d.Req.Question[0].Name)
	e.Domain = e.Domain[:len(e.Domain)-1] // remove last "."
	switch addr := d.Addr.(type) {
	case *net.UDPAddr:
		e.Client = addr.IP
	case *net.TCPAddr:
		e.Client = addr.IP
	}
	e.Time = uint32(elapsed / 1000)
	switch res.Reason {

	case dnsfilter.NotFilteredNotFound:
		fallthrough
	case dnsfilter.NotFilteredWhiteList:
		fallthrough
	case dnsfilter.NotFilteredError:
		e.Result = stats.RNotFiltered

	case dnsfilter.FilteredSafeBrowsing:
		e.Result = stats.RSafeBrowsing
	case dnsfilter.FilteredParental:
		e.Result = stats.RParental
	case dnsfilter.FilteredSafeSearch:
		e.Result = stats.RSafeSearch

	case dnsfilter.FilteredBlackList:
		fallthrough
	case dnsfilter.FilteredInvalid:
		fallthrough
	case dnsfilter.FilteredBlockedService:
		e.Result = stats.RFiltered
	}
	s.stats.Update(e)
}

// filterDNSRequest applies the dnsFilter and sets d.Res if the request was filtered
func (s *Server) filterDNSRequest(d *proxy.DNSContext) (*dnsfilter.Result, error) {
	if !s.conf.ProtectionEnabled || s.dnsFilter == nil {
		return &dnsfilter.Result{}, nil
	}

	clientAddr := ""
	if d.Addr != nil {
		clientAddr, _, _ = net.SplitHostPort(d.Addr.String())
	}

	setts := s.dnsFilter.GetConfig()
	setts.FilteringEnabled = true
	if s.conf.FilterHandler != nil {
		s.conf.FilterHandler(clientAddr, &setts)
	}

	req := d.Req
	host := strings.TrimSuffix(req.Question[0].Name, ".")
	res, err := s.dnsFilter.CheckHost(host, d.Req.Question[0].Qtype, &setts)
	if err != nil {
		// Return immediately if there's an error
		return nil, errorx.Decorate(err, "dnsfilter failed to check host '%s'", host)

	} else if res.IsFiltered {
		// log.Tracef("Host %s is filtered, reason - '%s', matched rule: '%s'", host, res.Reason, res.Rule)
		d.Res = s.genDNSFilterMessage(d, &res)

	} else if res.Reason == dnsfilter.ReasonRewrite && len(res.IPList) != 0 {
		resp := dns.Msg{}
		resp.SetReply(req)

		name := host
		if len(res.CanonName) != 0 {
			resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, s.genCNAMEAnswer(req, res.CanonName))
			name = res.CanonName
		}

		for _, ip := range res.IPList {
			if req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeA {
				a := s.genAAnswer(req, ip)
				a.Hdr.Name = dns.Fqdn(name)
				resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, a)

			} else if req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeAAAA {
				a := s.genAAAAAnswer(req, ip)
				a.Hdr.Name = dns.Fqdn(name)
				resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, a)
			}
		}

		d.Res = &resp
	}

	return &res, err
}

// If response contains CNAME, A or AAAA records, we apply filtering to each canonical host name or IP address.
// If this is a match, we set a new response in d.Res and return.
func (s *Server) filterResponse(d *proxy.DNSContext) (*dnsfilter.Result, error) {
	for _, a := range d.Res.Answer {
		host := ""

		switch v := a.(type) {
		case *dns.CNAME:
			log.Debug("DNSFwd: Checking CNAME %s for %s", v.Target, v.Hdr.Name)
			host = strings.TrimSuffix(v.Target, ".")

		case *dns.A:
			host = v.A.String()
			log.Debug("DNSFwd: Checking record A (%s) for %s", host, v.Hdr.Name)

		case *dns.AAAA:
			host = v.AAAA.String()
			log.Debug("DNSFwd: Checking record AAAA (%s) for %s", host, v.Hdr.Name)

		default:
			continue
		}

		s.RLock()
		// Synchronize access to s.dnsFilter so it won't be suddenly uninitialized while in use.
		// This could happen after proxy server has been stopped, but its workers are not yet exited.
		if !s.conf.ProtectionEnabled || s.dnsFilter == nil {
			s.RUnlock()
			continue
		}
		setts := dnsfilter.RequestFilteringSettings{}
		setts.FilteringEnabled = true
		res, err := s.dnsFilter.CheckHost(host, d.Req.Question[0].Qtype, &setts)
		s.RUnlock()

		if err != nil {
			return nil, err

		} else if res.IsFiltered {
			d.Res = s.genDNSFilterMessage(d, &res)
			log.Debug("DNSFwd: Matched %s by response: %s", d.Req.Question[0].Name, host)
			return &res, nil
		}
	}

	return nil, nil
}

// genDNSFilterMessage generates a DNS message corresponding to the filtering result
func (s *Server) genDNSFilterMessage(d *proxy.DNSContext, result *dnsfilter.Result) *dns.Msg {
	m := d.Req

	if m.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypeA && m.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypeAAAA {
		return s.genNXDomain(m)
	}

	switch result.Reason {
	case dnsfilter.FilteredSafeBrowsing:
		return s.genBlockedHost(m, s.conf.SafeBrowsingBlockHost, d)
	case dnsfilter.FilteredParental:
		return s.genBlockedHost(m, s.conf.ParentalBlockHost, d)
	default:
		if result.IP != nil {
			return s.genResponseWithIP(m, result.IP)
		}

		if s.conf.BlockingMode == "null_ip" {
			switch m.Question[0].Qtype {
			case dns.TypeA:
				return s.genARecord(m, []byte{0, 0, 0, 0})
			case dns.TypeAAAA:
				return s.genAAAARecord(m, net.IPv6zero)
			}
		}

		return s.genNXDomain(m)
	}
}

func (s *Server) genServerFailure(request *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetRcode(request, dns.RcodeServerFailure)
	resp.RecursionAvailable = true
	return &resp
}

func (s *Server) genARecord(request *dns.Msg, ip net.IP) *dns.Msg {
	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetReply(request)
	resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, s.genAAnswer(request, ip))
	return &resp
}

func (s *Server) genAAAARecord(request *dns.Msg, ip net.IP) *dns.Msg {
	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetReply(request)
	resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, s.genAAAAAnswer(request, ip))
	return &resp
}

func (s *Server) genAAnswer(req *dns.Msg, ip net.IP) *dns.A {
	answer := new(dns.A)
	answer.Hdr = dns.RR_Header{
		Name:   req.Question[0].Name,
		Rrtype: dns.TypeA,
		Ttl:    s.conf.BlockedResponseTTL,
		Class:  dns.ClassINET,
	}
	answer.A = ip
	return answer
}

func (s *Server) genAAAAAnswer(req *dns.Msg, ip net.IP) *dns.AAAA {
	answer := new(dns.AAAA)
	answer.Hdr = dns.RR_Header{
		Name:   req.Question[0].Name,
		Rrtype: dns.TypeAAAA,
		Ttl:    s.conf.BlockedResponseTTL,
		Class:  dns.ClassINET,
	}
	answer.AAAA = ip
	return answer
}

// generate DNS response message with an IP address
func (s *Server) genResponseWithIP(req *dns.Msg, ip net.IP) *dns.Msg {
	if req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeA && ip.To4() != nil {
		return s.genARecord(req, ip.To4())
	} else if req.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeAAAA && ip.To4() == nil {
		return s.genAAAARecord(req, ip)
	}

	// empty response
	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetReply(req)
	return &resp
}

func (s *Server) genBlockedHost(request *dns.Msg, newAddr string, d *proxy.DNSContext) *dns.Msg {

	ip := net.ParseIP(newAddr)
	if ip != nil {
		return s.genResponseWithIP(request, ip)
	}

	// look up the hostname, TODO: cache
	replReq := dns.Msg{}
	replReq.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(newAddr), request.Question[0].Qtype)
	replReq.RecursionDesired = true

	newContext := &proxy.DNSContext{
		Proto:     d.Proto,
		Addr:      d.Addr,
		StartTime: time.Now(),
		Req:       &replReq,
	}

	err := s.dnsProxy.Resolve(newContext)
	if err != nil {
		log.Printf("Couldn't look up replacement host '%s': %s", newAddr, err)
		return s.genServerFailure(request)
	}

	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetReply(request)
	resp.Authoritative, resp.RecursionAvailable = true, true
	if newContext.Res != nil {
		for _, answer := range newContext.Res.Answer {
			answer.Header().Name = request.Question[0].Name
			resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, answer)
		}
	}

	return &resp
}

// Make a CNAME response
func (s *Server) genCNAMEAnswer(req *dns.Msg, cname string) *dns.CNAME {
	answer := new(dns.CNAME)
	answer.Hdr = dns.RR_Header{
		Name:   req.Question[0].Name,
		Rrtype: dns.TypeCNAME,
		Ttl:    s.conf.BlockedResponseTTL,
		Class:  dns.ClassINET,
	}
	answer.Target = dns.Fqdn(cname)
	return answer
}

func (s *Server) genNXDomain(request *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
	resp := dns.Msg{}
	resp.SetRcode(request, dns.RcodeNameError)
	resp.RecursionAvailable = true
	resp.Ns = s.genSOA(request)
	return &resp
}

func (s *Server) genSOA(request *dns.Msg) []dns.RR {
	zone := ""
	if len(request.Question) > 0 {
		zone = request.Question[0].Name
	}

	soa := dns.SOA{
		// values copied from verisign's nonexistent .com domain
		// their exact values are not important in our use case because they are used for domain transfers between primary/secondary DNS servers
		Refresh: 1800,
		Retry:   900,
		Expire:  604800,
		Minttl:  86400,
		// copied from AdGuard DNS
		Ns:     "fake-for-negative-caching.adguard.com.",
		Serial: 100500,
		// rest is request-specific
		Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
			Name:   zone,
			Rrtype: dns.TypeSOA,
			Ttl:    s.conf.BlockedResponseTTL,
			Class:  dns.ClassINET,
		},
		Mbox: "hostmaster.", // zone will be appended later if it's not empty or "."
	}
	if soa.Hdr.Ttl == 0 {
		soa.Hdr.Ttl = defaultValues.BlockedResponseTTL
	}
	if len(zone) > 0 && zone[0] != '.' {
		soa.Mbox += zone
	}
	return []dns.RR{&soa}
}