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Author: Ainar Garipov <A.Garipov@AdGuard.COM>
Date:   Wed Jul 28 13:40:27 2021 +0300

    all: add links to new guidelines
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HACKING.md
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# AdGuard Home Developer Guidelines
Following this document is obligatory for all new code. Some of the rules
aren't enforced as thoroughly or remain broken in old code, but this is still
the place to find out about what we **want** our code to look like and how to
improve it.
The rules are mostly sorted in the alphabetical order.
## Contents
* [Git](#git)
* [Go](#go)
* [Code](#code)
* [Commenting](#commenting)
* [Formatting](#formatting)
* [Naming](#naming)
* [Testing](#testing)
* [Recommended Reading](#recommended-reading)
* [Markdown](#markdown)
* [Shell Scripting](#shell-scripting)
* [Shell Conditionals](#shell-conditionals)
* [Text, Including Comments](#text-including-comments)
* [YAML](#yaml)
<!-- NOTE: Use the IDs that GitHub would generate in order for this to work both
on GitHub and most other Markdown renderers. Use both "id" and "name"
attributes to make it work in Markdown renderers that strip "id". -->
This document was moved to the [AdGuard Code Guidelines repository][repo]. All
sections with IDs now only have links to the corresponding files and sections in
that repository.
## <a href="#git" id="git" name="git">Git</a>
* Call your branches either `NNNN-fix-foo` (where `NNNN` is the ID of the
GitHub issue you worked on in this branch) or just `fix-foo` if there was no
GitHub issue.
* Follow the commit message header format:
```none
pkg: fix the network error logging issue
```
Where `pkg` is the directory or Go package (without the `internal/` part)
where most changes took place. If there are several such packages, or the
change is top-level only, write `all`.
* Keep your commit messages, including headers, to eighty (**80**) columns.
* Only use lowercase letters in your commit message headers. The rest of the
message should follow the plain text conventions below.
The only exceptions are direct mentions of identifiers from the source code
and filenames like `HACKING.md`.
This section was moved to [its own document][git].
## <a href="#go" id="go" name="go">Go</a>
> Not Golang, not GO, not GOLANG, not GoLang. It is Go in natural language,
> golang for others.
This section was moved to [its own document][go].
— [@rakyll](https://twitter.com/rakyll/status/1229850223184269312)
### <a href="#code" id="code" name="code">Code</a>
### <a href="#code" id="code" name="code">Code</a>
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][code] of the Go
guidelines document.
* Always `recover` from panics in new goroutines. Preferably in the very
first statement. If all you want there is a log message, use `log.OnPanic`.
### <a href="#commenting" id="commenting" name="commenting">Commenting</a>
* Avoid `fallthrough`. It makes it harder to rearrange `case`s, to reason
about the code, and also to switch the code to a handler approach, if that
becomes necessary later.
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][cmnt] of the Go
guidelines document.
* Avoid `goto`.
### <a href="#formatting" id="formatting" name="formatting">Formatting</a>
* Avoid `init` and use explicit initialization functions instead.
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][fmt] of the Go
guidelines document.
* Avoid `new`, especially with structs, unless a temporary value is needed,
for example when checking the type of an error using `errors.As`.
### <a href="#naming" id="naming" name="naming">Naming</a>
* Check against empty strings like this:
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][name] of the Go
guidelines document.
```go
if s == "" {
// …
}
```
### <a href="#testing" id="testing" name="testing">Testing</a>
Except when the check is done to then use the first character:
```go
if len(s) > 0 {
c := s[0]
}
```
* Constructors should validate their arguments and return meaningful errors.
As a corollary, avoid lazy initialization.
* Prefer to define methods on pointer receievers, unless the type is small or
a non-pointer receiever is required, for example `MarshalFoo` methods (see
[staticcheck-911]).
* Don't mix horizontal and vertical placement of arguments in function and
method calls. That is, either this:
```go
err := f(a, b, c)
```
Or, when the arguments are too long, this:
```go
err := functionWithALongName(
firstArgumentWithALongName,
secondArgumentWithALongName,
thirdArgumentWithALongName,
)
```
Or, with a struct literal:
```go
err := functionWithALongName(arg, structType{
field1: val1,
field2: val2,
})
```
But **never** this:
```go
err := functionWithALongName(firstArgumentWithALongName,
secondArgumentWithALongName,
thirdArgumentWithALongName,
)
```
* Don't rely only on file names for build tags to work. Always add build tags
as well.
* Don't use `fmt.Sprintf` where a more structured approach to string
conversion could be used. For example, `aghnet.JoinHostPort`,
`net.JoinHostPort` or `url.(*URL).String`.
* Don't use naked `return`s.
* Don't write non-test code with more than four (**4**) levels of indentation.
Just like [Linus said], plus an additional level for an occasional error
check or struct initialization.
The exception proving the rule is the table-driven test code, where an
additional level of indentation is allowed.
* Eschew external dependencies, including transitive, unless absolutely
necessary.
* Minimize scope of variables as much as possible.
* No name shadowing, including of predeclared identifiers, since it can often
lead to subtle bugs, especially with errors. This rule does not apply to
struct fields, since they are always used together with the name of the
struct value, so there isn't any confusion.
* Prefer constants to variables where possible. Avoid global variables. Use
[constant errors] instead of `errors.New`.
* Prefer defining `Foo.String` and `ParseFoo` in terms of `Foo.MarshalText`
and `Foo.UnmarshalText` correspondingly and not the other way around.
* Prefer to use named functions for goroutines.
* Program code lines should not be longer than one hundred (**100**) columns.
For comments, see the text section below.
* Use linters. `make go-lint`.
* Write logs and error messages in lowercase only to make it easier to `grep`
logs and error messages without using the `-i` flag.
### <a href="#commenting" id="commenting" name="commenting">Commenting</a>
* See also the “[Text, Including Comments]” section below.
* Document everything, including unexported top-level identifiers, to build
a habit of writing documentation.
* Don't put identifiers into any kind of quotes.
* Put comments above the documented entity, **not** to the side, to improve
readability.
* When a method implements an interface, start the doc comment with the
standard template:
```go
// Foo implements the Fooer interface for *foo.
func (f *foo) Foo() {
// …
}
```
When the implemented interface is unexported:
```go
// Unwrap implements the hidden wrapper interface for *fooError.
func (err *fooError) Unwrap() (unwrapped error) {
// …
}
```
### <a href="#formatting" id="formatting" name="formatting">Formatting</a>
* Decorate `break`, `continue`, `return`, and other terminating statements
with empty lines unless it's the only statement in that block.
* Don't group type declarations together. Unlike with blocks of `const`s,
where a `iota` may be used or where all constants belong to a certain type,
there is no reason to group `type`s.
* Group `require.*` blocks together with the presceding related statements,
but separate from the following `assert.*` and unrelated requirements.
```go
val, ok := valMap[key]
require.True(t, ok)
require.NotNil(t, val)
assert.Equal(t, expected, val)
```
* Use `gofumpt --extra -s`.
* Write slices of struct like this:
```go
ts := []T{{
Field: Value0,
// …
}, {
Field: Value1,
// …
}, {
Field: Value2,
// …
}}
```
### <a href="#naming" id="naming" name="naming">Naming</a>
* Don't use underscores in file and package names, unless they're build tags
or for tests. This is to prevent accidental build errors with weird tags.
* Name benchmarks and tests using the same convention as examples. For
example:
```go
func TestFunction(t *testing.T) { /* … */ }
func TestFunction_suffix(t *testing.T) { /* … */ }
func TestType_Method(t *testing.T) { /* … */ }
func TestType_Method_suffix(t *testing.T) { /* … */ }
```
* Name parameters in interface definitions:
```go
type Frobulator interface {
Frobulate(f Foo, b Bar) (r Result, err error)
}
```
* Name the deferred errors (e.g. when closing something) `derr`.
* Unused arguments in anonymous functions must be called `_`:
```go
v.onSuccess = func(_ int, msg string) {
// …
}
```
* Use named returns to improve readability of function signatures.
* When naming a file which defines an entity, use singular nouns, unless the
entity is some form of a container for other entities:
```go
// File: client.go
package foo
type Client struct {
// …
}
```
```go
// File: clients.go
package foo
type Clients []*Client
// …
type ClientsWithCache struct {
// …
}
```
### <a href="#testing" id="testing" name="testing">Testing</a>
* Use `assert.NoError` and `require.NoError` instead of `assert.Nil` and
`require.Nil` on errors.
* Use formatted helpers, like `assert.Nilf` or `require.Nilf`, instead of
simple helpers when a formatted message is required.
* Use functions like `require.Foo` instead of `assert.Foo` when the test
cannot continue if the condition is false.
### <a href="#recommended-reading" id="recommended-reading" name="recommended-reading">Recommended Reading</a>
* <https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/CodeReviewComments>.
* <https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/TestComments>.
* <https://go-proverbs.github.io/>
[Linus said]: https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.17/process/coding-style.html#indentation
[Text, Including Comments]: #text-including-comments
[constant errors]: https://dave.cheney.net/2016/04/07/constant-errors
[staticcheck-911]: https://github.com/dominikh/go-tools/issues/911
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][test] of the Go
guidelines document.
### <a href="#recommended-reading" id="recommended-reading" name="recommended-reading">Recommended Reading</a>
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][read] of the Go
guidelines document.
## <a href="#markdown" id="markdown" name="markdown">Markdown</a>
* **TODO(a.garipov):** Define more Markdown conventions.
* Prefer triple-backtick preformatted code blocks to indented code blocks.
* Use asterisks and not underscores for bold and italic.
* Use either link references or link destinations only. Put all link
reference definitions at the end of the second-level block.
This section was moved to [its own document][md].
## <a href="#shell-scripting" id="shell-scripting" name="shell-scripting">Shell Scripting</a>
* Avoid bashisms and GNUisms, prefer POSIX features only.
* Avoid spaces between patterns of the same `case` condition.
* Don't use the option `-q` of the command `ls`. Some systems that use the
Busybox version of `ash` don't support it.
* `export` and `readonly` should be used separately from variable assignment,
because otherwise failures in command substitutions won't stop the script.
That is, do this:
```sh
X="$( echo 42 )"
export X
```
And **not** this:
```sh
# Bad!
export X="$( echo 42 )"
```
* If a binary value is needed, use `0` for `false`, and `1` for `true`.
* Mark every variable that shouldn't change later as `readonly`.
* Prefer `'raw strings'` to `"double quoted strings"` whenever possible.
* Put spaces within `$( cmd )`, `$(( expr ))`, and `{ cmd; }`. Avoid spaces
within `${var}`.
* Put utility flags in the ASCII order and **don't** group them together. For
example, `ls -1 -A -l`.
* Script code lines should not be longer than one hundred (**100**) columns.
For comments, see the text section below.
* `snake_case`, not `camelCase` for variables. `kebab-case` for filenames.
* Start scripts with the following sections in the following order:
1. Shebang.
1. Some initial documentation (optional).
1. Verbosity level parsing (optional).
1. `set` options.
* UPPERCASE names for external exported variables, lowercase for local,
unexported ones.
* Use `set -e -f -u` and also `set -x` in verbose mode.
* Use the `"$var"` form instead of the `$var` form, unless word splitting is
required.
* When concatenating, always use the form with curly braces to prevent
accidental bad variable names. That is, `"${var}_tmp.txt"` and **not**
`"$var_tmp.txt"`. The latter will try to lookup variable `var_tmp`.
* When concatenating, surround the whole string with quotes. That is, use
this:
```sh
dir="${TOP_DIR}/sub"
```
And **not** this:
```sh
# Bad!
dir="${TOP_DIR}"/sub
```
### <a href="#shell-conditionals" id="shell-conditionals" name="shell-conditionals">Shell Conditionals</a>
Guidelines and agreements for using command `test`, also known as `[`:
* For conditionals that check for equality against multiple values, prefer
`case` instead of `test`.
* Prefer the `!= ''` form instead of using `-n` to check if string is empty.
* Spell compound conditions with `&&`, `||`, and `!` **outside** of `test`
instead of `-a`, `-o`, and `!` **inside** of `test` correspondingly. The
latter ones are pretty much deprecated in POSIX.
See also: “[Problems With the `test` Builtin: What Does `-a` Mean?][test]”.
* Use `=` for strings and `-eq` for numbers to catch typing errors.
[test]: https://www.oilshell.org/blog/2017/08/31.html
This section was moved to [its own document][sh].
### <a href="#shell-conditionals" id="shell-conditionals" name="shell-conditionals">Shell Conditionals</a>
This subsection was moved to the [corresponding section][cond] of the Shell
guidelines document.
## <a href="#text-including-comments" id="text-including-comments" name="text-including-comments">Text, Including Comments</a>
* End sentences with appropriate punctuation.
* Headers should be written with all initial letters capitalized, except for
references to variable names that start with a lowercase letter.
* Mark temporary todos—that is, todos that must be resolved or removed before
publishing a change—with two exclamation signs:
```go
// TODO(usr1): !! Remove this debug before pushing!
```
This makes it easier to find them both during development and during code
review.
* Start sentences with a capital letter, unless the first word is a reference
to a variable name that starts with a lowercase letter.
* Text should wrap at eighty (**80**) columns to be more readable, to use
a common standard, and to allow editing or diffing side-by-side without
wrapping.
The only exception are long hyperlinks.
* Use U.S. English, as it is the most widely used variety of English in the
code right now as well as generally.
* Use double spacing between sentences to make sentence borders more clear.
* Use the serial comma (a.k.a. Oxford comma) to improve comprehension,
decrease ambiguity, and use a common standard.
* Write todos like this:
```go
// TODO(usr1): Fix the frobulation issue.
```
Or, if several people need to look at the code:
```go
// TODO(usr1, usr2): Fix the frobulation issue.
```
This section was moved to [its own document][txt].
## <a href="#yaml" id="yaml" name="yaml">YAML</a>
* **TODO(a.garipov):** Define naming conventions for schema names in our
OpenAPI YAML file. And just generally OpenAPI conventions.
This section was moved to [its own document][yaml].
* **TODO(a.garipov):** Find a YAML formatter or write our own.
* All strings, including keys, must be quoted. Reason: the “[NO-rway Law]”.
* Indent with two (**2**) spaces. YAML documents can get pretty
deeply-nested.
* No extra indentation in multiline arrays:
```yaml
'values':
- 'value-1'
- 'value-2'
- 'value-3'
```
* Prefer single quotes for strings to prevent accidental escaping, unless
escaping is required or there are single quotes inside the string (e.g. for
GitHub Actions).
* Use `>` for multiline strings, unless you need to keep the line breaks. Use
`|` for multiline strings when you do.
[NO-rway Law]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=17359376
[cmnt]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#commenting
[code]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#code
[cond]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Shell.md#shell-conditionals
[fmt]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#formatting
[git]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Git.md
[go]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md
[md]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Markdown.md
[name]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#naming
[read]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#recommended-reading
[repo]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines
[sh]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Shell.md
[test]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Go.md#testing
[txt]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/Text.md
[yaml]: https://github.com/AdguardTeam/CodeGuidelines/blob/master/Go/YAML.md